2天前 回答问题
以there开头的完全倒装句和there be句型的变体是一回事吗?你这个问题本身表达得不是很清楚。我按自己的思路分析There comes the bus和There stood a desk against the wall两句(剩下句子与There stood a desk against the wall同)。1. There/Here comes the bus是倒装句,但不是典型的存在句(existential clause)。句首的there是副词作状语,有重读音节,发[ðeə]音。这种倒装结构中不用进行时态。例如不说*There is coming the bus。There comes the bus也不能用正常语序The bus comes there来替代。有兴趣可查阅《新编高级英语语法》和Huddleston的CGEL相关内容。(CGEL-p.1390)2. There stood a desk against the wall一般称作existential clause(存在句)。但Huddleston称为Presentational clauses,以区别there be这种 existential clauses)。这类句式中的There是轻音,发[ðə]。在一些传统语法中There stood a desk against the wall也被视为倒装句。但按当代语法框架分析,它们并不是倒装句。因为虽然a desk是实义主语,但dummythere (虚义there) 在形式上或者在句法上已经充当了先行主语,所以there stood并没有倒装。就像It benefits us a lot to build the road,虚义It是先行主语,to build the road是实义主语或“真主语”。但不能说因为这个真主语在谓语动词benefit后,就说这是倒装句。这类句式可取消外置,将主语复位,用常规语序表达。例如 A desk stood against the wall。这是与There comes the bus相区别的重要因素。英语的存在句(existential clause)有点复杂,比如在一定条件下there可以不用,以及由此产生的一些现象等。因跟本贴并非直接相关,这里就不细说了。3. there be和such...that...结合(包括你的例句)是正常的。
2天前 回答问题
believe in luck可用义项1解释, believe in the strength of young people 用义项2或3解释都可以。
2天前 回答问题
1. oneself是代词,句法功能是充当同位语,强调互指的先行名词或代词。意为“亲自、亲身”,主要用于表示:非他人代劳。2. by oneself除表示“独自一人(without anyone else)”以外,主要表示“无他人助力”。3. for oneself中的for仍然具有“为了...”之意。所以它所修饰的行为通常对前面那个先行项(就是那个one所指的人)有利,是解决他的问题。4. 比较:Bill did it himself. (比尔亲自干的,无他人代劳)Bill did it (all) by himself. (比尔一个人干的,无他人相助)Bill did it for himself. (比尔干这事为了他自己) 括号中的是基本意思,翻译时适当措辞。5. 如果修饰look, see这类动词,则for oneself一般不表示“为了自己”,而表示“亲自见证、亲眼看看”。如: And if you don't believe it, go to a museum and see for yourself.
2026-08-12 11:49 回答问题
你在问题中提到:该释义里的it,是it seems that...结构中的it,还是it is likely that...结构中的形式主语it? 这是一个很好的问题,但你这里提问的方式可能会被误解。所以胡老师回答说“句子中不存在it is likely that...结构啊!”,我觉得这是可以理解的。因为单从你的句子来看,确实没有it is likely that...,甚至也没有it seems that,所以读者很可能会感到困惑。我猜你的意思是:It seems that...和It is likely that...句式中的两个It是不一样的。那么牛津词典对imply的释义中it的用法跟哪个It用法相同呢?假如我猜得没错,那么答案是跟It is likely that中的It相同,它们都是先行It(anticipatory it),指代句中的一个外置成分。但it seems that...中的It是dummy/empty it(虚义it),也可称为(我个人偏爱的)ambient it ( 环境it)。虚义it用于指天气、时间、距离等,或者泛指笼统的一般情况(如It seems that...)。但不管被赋予何种称谓,其核心本质是虚义it并不指代句中的某个成分。
2026-07-29 13:02 回答问题
词典上的一个词的用法结构的表示有自己的格式和习惯,有时候会在该词典在前面的体例中进行说明,有时没有说明,但多用一段时间自己也会明白。下面谈谈你的具体问题。1.report等三个动词的上述结构中,to be和to have如果在语法和语义两方面都不受限制,那么这个结构可以说没有问题。这意味着be reported to be a doctor / to be traveling in Europe / to be killed,以及 be reported to have higher risk / to have surrendered / to have been injured等等都可以用。实际情况就是这样。2.虽然be reported to be/have...结构正确,但并不具有排他性。除了have以外,其它一些静态动词甚至行为动词的一般体也可用于be reported to之后,只要语义通顺就行。例如:Futures have been reported to constitute the most marked member of many tense systems, especially in terms of their formal expression: they tend to favour periphrastic expression much more than past tenses (OHEG)SAA has been reported to induce adhesion and chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences)Pectins are reported to play the main role in this feature. (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences)此外,也不排除be reported doing.../done等其他结构。例如:The escaped convict was reported hiding in a barn. (BBEV)The car was reported stolen. (BBEV)3.关于strike ...as...结构。首先,词典上的strike sb as sth 并不绝对意味着这个sth必须是典型的名词。这在词典句式或结构示例中并不鲜见。例如朗文词典用黑体字列出strike somebody as (being) something。其例句为:His jokes didn't strike Jack as being very funnyy。显然,这个something也可以是形容词词组very funny。牛津高阶也同样如此,多用英英词典就知道怎么回事了。其次,strike sb as odd也可以视为习惯用法,例如朗文词典就列出 strike sb as odd/strange。当然,你提到的词典如果把strike sb as sth 这个结构改成 strike sb as,那就更合理,且不会使人困惑。此时后面跟不同的词类均符合要求:It strike me as a good idea / strange / being very interesting / having magic 4.你例句中的before and since宜视为一个副词词组修饰前面的中心词(any)time,其语义逻辑是:any time before and since the end of the Second World War。因为句中有明确的过去时间参照点(at the end of the Second World War),所以谓语用过去完全正常。又例如:More French loan words entered English during the 14th century than during any comparable period before or since.一己之见,仅供参考。
2026-07-23 19:28 回答问题
1.在缺乏上下文时,I have a house in London一句中in London的句法功能是有歧义的。可以是定语,解读为which is in London并不违和;也可以是状语,因为I have a house in London = In London(,) I have a house,两句在语义上是等值的。至于是否要用sentence adjunct去界定,个人觉得不必太过于细化。这一术语主要是Quirk团队采用的,其他主要语法框架基本不用,或者即使用了,但内涵或类属关系等都与Quirk的论述有区别。2.The mayor has no authority in this town. He has a lot of influence in London. I have diplomatic immunity in France. 以上三句情况跟刚才分析的那句有所不同,in London等介词短语不宜分析为定语,因为have的宾语已经不再是具有物理意义的实体名词(例如house),而是抽象名词。以第二句为例,(a lot of)influence in London难以转换成(a lot of)influence which is in London, 后者语义明显违和:因为一个人拥有”在某个地方存在的那个影响力“语义别扭怪异。应该理解为某个人的影响力作用于(或辐射于)一个范围之内。所以这个in London 应分析为状语,表示在某个区域范围拥有影响力,能施加或发挥其作用力。其它两句类同。3.恐怕没有理由得出“当谓语为静态动词时,表示地点的介词短语只能是定语而不可能是状语”这种一刀切的结论。应该对具体问题做具体分析,不能一概而论。例如:We claim that since belongs to the same category (preposition) in all of its occurrences.句中in all of its concurrences也同样不是名词词组the same category的定语,而是表示限制范围的状语。但如果将in all of its concurrences移至 since 之后,则宜分析为since 的定语,理解为“所有这些例句中的since (都属于同一词类:介词)”。 一己之见,仅供参考。
2026-07-12 17:37 回答问题
1. 虽然imagine属于否定转移的动词,但... people could not imagine that there would ever be a time when...一句中不存在否定转移现象。因为could not imagine that there would ever be a time when...和could imagine that there would notever be a time when...意思完全不同。简单说就是:情态动词could阻碍了否定的转移。2. ever多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句等。用于肯定句中很少见,例如:We had heard a lot about her before weever met her. 但需要澄清的关键是:“ever通常限于非肯定句”只是一个简便但并非严密的说法。实际上应该理解为:非肯定词ever一般用于非肯定语境。其中重要的一条就是:ever可用在与具有非肯定意义的动词、介词、形容词、副词和名词等相关的结构(尤以补语为多)中。所以,在...people could not imagine that there would ever be a time when..一句中,虽然that从句本身并非否定句,但ever处于主句的could not之后,属于其否定范围之内,ever用法正常。3. 适用否定转移的动词很多,一类与认知或观点相关,例如think, suppose, believe, expect, figure, imagine等等。但同一语义域的hope, assume, wish(接从句时)不能否定转移;另一类与感知相关的系动词,如appear, seem, feel, look, sound等。详情参阅英语语法参考书。这些否定转移的结构,其否定词也可以留在从句中,通常情况下意思没有区别。例如I don’t think you understand和I think you don’t understand两句通常同义,但第一句更普遍。
2026-07-03 11:49 回答问题
1.关于it is important that...后使用虚拟语气的疑问。It is/was important that...句式的从句的谓语可以用三种形式:虚拟式(主美,正式)或推定式should+原形(主英,不太正式),陈述语气的正常时态(主英;这意味着可能用到情态动词will, must,can等)。有关你的具体问题:(1)是否it was important that...也要使用虚拟语气? 上述三种位于形式都能用。在美国英语中标准用法是Be-型虚拟式,例如托福考试。(2)如果分句的情形发生在过去,主句通常应该用过去式It was important,从句谓语在上述三种形式中选用,但Be-型虚拟式和推定should+原型比陈述语气更常见。因为事情在过去,所以如果采用陈述语气,从句谓语要用过去时态(told)。又例如:It was important that they met the children.但有时候说话者从现在的角度去看当时情形,主句也可用现在时(It is important)。例如:It is important that Queensland's dams and waterways restocked regularly to ensure good fishing for everyone. It isn't important that several members of the delegation had no visas, that several others had no international health certificates, that one lost his passport and that the military aide has only one uniform.2.关于it is strange/ natural/ a pity that中使用虚拟语气的问题。(1)it is natural that you should forget it和 it is natural that you should have forget it不能完全等同。后者should have done (这里要指出一下你的疏忽,should have后面应该用过去分词forgotten/forgot)表示过去时间;前者分句用should+无to不定式主要表示现在时间。只有在上下文语境明确时才有可能表示过去时间,否则被默认为表示现在。(2)it is natural that...中使用虚拟语气时表达的强烈感情色彩和natural本身的意思不矛盾吗?先说结论:不矛盾。在这个句式中,不能拘泥于natural单纯的词典意义,should也不能一味地解读为“竟然”的情绪色彩。当我们使用这个句式时,经常是前文(或后文)解释了一个本来很可能不被理解的现象之所以产生的缘由。比如情侣约会迟到20分钟,这通常会让人感到不解,但如果ta的迟到是因为中途帮助了他人,我们就会说“难怪ta会迟到”,意思是:(这么说来)他的迟到就很自然了,也就是It’s natural that he should be late for the date.(3)若要表达“你(以后)忘记它是正常的”是否就需要用陈述语气?通常是用陈述语气。但是否排除推定式should+原型,似乎不十分确定,虽然没有见过。不过你例句中... that you forget will it词序不对,又是一初疏忽。仅供参考。
2026-06-03 18:17 回答问题
这主要是语法问题,但与语义和语体(register)也有一定关系。1. 在符合语法规范的要求下,并列结构的第二个(及此后的)分句需要用that引导,一般不可省略。如果不用连词that,句子结构产生歧义。例如: I know (that) he's cheating and I can't do anything about it.Quirk认为这是一个有结构性歧义(Structural ambiguity)的句子,可能产生的解读有两种:(1)I can't do anything about it与(that) he's cheating并列,均为I know的补足语(宾语)。为了让明确这一点,需要在第2个分句前添加连词that,写成: I know (that) he's cheating and that I can't do anything about it. (2)I can't do anything about it与I know (that) he's cheating并列。但如果不对现有句子重新措辞,则无法确认这一解读。因此,通常须在两句之间添加标点符号,最好是分号。更明确的办法是把and省略(或替换成however)。例如: I know that he's cheating; (however) I can't do anything about it. 如此,则 I can't do anything about it 完全脱离了I know的控制,成为与主句并列的独立句子。 因此,从语法规范性的角度看,把两个并列的宾语从句视为一体而将第二个that省略的做法通常不可行。这是主流英语语法共识。2. 在脱离上述并列结构的一般性用法中,非正式语体常省略连词that,正式语体通常保留that。这是确定是否省略that的若干因素之一。受这一因素的影响,在并列结构中,第二个that省略的情况在非正式语体中有可能出现。但前提是:从语义就能判断并列结构处于从句层级而非主句层级。而非正式语体通常句式简短、语义明确,通常具有省略第二个that而不被误读的条件。例如:It is possible that you are right and I am wrong. 如此短小又意义自明的句子在and后再用一个that就极不自然了。3.关于It soon dawned on me that many university professors are quite willing to share what they know, and they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development.首先是这个句子的句源是否靠谱。看上去是一个本科生的毕业感想,英语用法不规范的可能性是存在的。and they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development会被视为与主分句并列,而非与前面的that从句并列。也就是说 many university professors are quite willing to share what they know(教授们愿意分享知识)是作者当时的认识,而they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development(他们关注学生的智力发展)则陈述了一个客观事实。如果坚持they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development的语义已经明确与前面的that从句并列,所以that被省略。我认为无论从语法、语义还是语体角度看,都颇为牵强。 仅供参考。
2026-06-01 11:01 发表了文章