在表示结果是、证明是的时候,prove和turn out有类似用法: The party turned out (to be) a success. The party proved (to be) a success.
turn out还可以用在句子中:It turned out that the party was a success.
有如下疑问:
1. 在句子用法中,it是形式主语吗?还是说it是虚指?如果it是虚指,此处that引导的是什么从句?
2. 是否可以说It proved that the party was a success? It proves that... 的用法是否正确?
3. 如果上述用法正确,It proves that...和It is/has been proved that...的用法和使用情景区别在哪里?
这个问题貌似论坛以前讨论过。
你的问题可以转化为:作为能用于上升主语(raising subject)的seem,turn out和prove它们之间在用法上有什么区别?
seem就不说了,turn out和prove与seem很像,但turn out还有一个用法是seem没有的,即The experiment turned out badly.这里如果it指代The experiment,则就是It turned out badly.而prove的情况要复杂点。
回到你的问题。It turned out that the party was a success.这句的it是dummy it虚指,that从句是turned out的补语,可以变为:The party turned out to be a success.这里的The party被提到主语位置了,这就是上升主语。这是剑桥语法的理解,而Quirk的理解不一样,他把that从句理解为外置,it是anticipatory it,从严谨角度说,这是不对的,因为不能写成*That the party was a success turned out.这是致命缺陷。另一方面,这种理解也不是完全没有价值,在遇到多个it出现时(比如:We got up early but it turned out that it wasn’t necessary to do so.)就会发现这种理解有用,我常说都dummy了,还分析个der,好用就是王道,反正也不是学术派。
回到问题:当然可以说It proved that the party was a success. It proves that... 的用法是正确的,比如:
Writing these scripts has been quite an eye-opener to me. It proves that one can do anything if the need is urgent.(科林斯高阶第8版)。
It proved that the party was a success.严谨来说有两种理解。一是这里的it是dummy,可变为上升主语的形式:The party proved to be a success. 二是这里的it有所指代,比如某个事实情况proved that the party was a success.在真正的语境中,并不少见:
As he did so, he noticed the man on the floor move slightly, little more than a twitch of his leg, but it proved that he was still alive.
很明显it是指代。通过真实的语境语料分析,我认为其实第二种理解更普遍。
prove这个词比较特殊,既可以及物又可以不及物。The evidence proved the theory to be wrong.这是及物用法,the theory是宾语,后面是宾补,变成被动是:The theory was proved to be wrong.而The theory proved to be wrong.也是正确的,不及物用法,这种不及物的用法天生带有被动的意义:“被发现是”。也就是说The theory was proved to be wrong.和The theory proved to be wrong.是两种结构,只是意思很接近而已。如果再叠加it的情况就会变得复杂,我觉得你的困惑也许在此。
搞清楚这些,第3个问题对你而言就不再是问题。
it这个简单词确实不太好掌握。我留意到微信公众号“英语语法探讨”上面有很多文章。“工藤新一”网友把剑桥语法翻译过来,再加上一些自己的理解写成的材料,我也看。其中有关于it的文章,写的不错,可以看看。
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