6 too...to...结构中不定式后面的介词省略问题

1. 下面句子末尾的介词可以省略吗?为什么?

The stream is too wide for me to jump across

He's too tough for you to play with

The old man is too serious for us to speak to

He walked too fast for me to catch up with

2. 下面的句子为什么在句末没有介词,它们也算对吗?

He arrived too late for us to wait. 

Very often the weather here is too bad for us to go out.

He was working too fast for her to keep pace.

Their car was running too fast for us to see the number plate. 

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最佳答案 2017-12-22 15:39

回答这个问题之前,我先普及一下生成语法的一个概念:hollow non-finite clause. (由于没有现成的汉译可用,我将其翻译为“残缺非限定分句”)。传统语法的非谓语动词作成分,在现代语法被认为是非限定分句。换一下概念即可。

Huddleston的the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language认为,有一种非限定分句为残缺非限定分句(hollow non-finite clause),其定义为:在一个非限定分句中,如果该分句的某个非主语的名词词组在从句中缺失,但这种缺失的成分可以从先行名词词组恢复,则这个非限定分句为残缺非限定分句。缺失的名词词组通常是动词的宾语或介词的宾语。

例如:

The problem took her only a few minutes to solve.

这个句子中的不定式to solve为及物动词,但其宾语缺失。这个不定式就是残缺不定式。其宾语从先行名词the problem可获知。

I found her father a very easy person to get on with.

上句中不定式分句to get on with介词宾语缺失,故为残缺不定式。with的宾语理解为先行名词person。

残缺非限定分句最常见于不定式分句。

残缺不定式(hollow infinitive)

有六种语法结构允许或必须使用残缺不定式分句:"‍      ‍"表示缺失的成分。下划线的名词/代词为不定式的逻辑上的宾语或不定式短语中的介词的逻辑上的宾语。

1 当不定式分句作表语形容词或表语名词的补足语时。形容词的语义多与难、易或人的情感态度有关。残缺不定式为必须的。

Max is impossible to live with ‍     .

The assignment is an absolute pain to do ‍     .

2 不定式修饰的名词被某些形容词修饰时。残缺不定式为必须的。

London is an easy place to get lost in ‍      .

The price is a difficult one to better ‍     .

3 不定式作动词的补足语时。(只涉及五个动词:be, cost, need, require, take) 残缺不定式为必须的。

The decision is for you to make ‍     .

The car cost over $1000 to repair ‍     .

The dispute‍ needed a great deal of tact to resolve ‍     .

The letter‍ took me all morning to write ‍     .

4 不定式修饰there存在句的主语,或修饰have的宾语,或修饰介词with/without的宾语,或修饰作表语的名词性物主代词时。残缺不定式为必须的。

There is Tom ‍to consider ‍     .

I have a letter‍ to write ‍     .

With her elderly parents‍ to look after , Jill is finding life somewhat stressful ‍     .

The money‍ wasn't yours to spend ‍     .

5 不定式作为被too, enough, sufficient(ly)的补足语时。残缺不定式为选择性的。这种结构允许普通不定式。

My coffee‍ is too hot to drink ‍     .

I haven't enough money‍ left to spare ‍      for luxuries like that.

The proposal‍ isn't sufficiently developed for us to accept ‍      in its present form.

6 不定式作目的状语时。残缺不定式为选择性的。允许普通不定式。

I bought them‍ to give ‍      to children.

I need it‍ for children to do their homework on ‍     .

 

现在我们讨论网友的句子:

1. 下面句子末尾的介词可以省略吗?为什么?

The stream is too wide for me to jump across. 

He's too tough for you to play with. 

The old man is too serious for us to speak to. 

He walked too fast for me to catch up with. 

Too...to do结构属于必须或允许残缺不定式的六种结构中的第5种。属于可用残缺不定式,也可用普通不定式的结构。以上四句话中的前三句,如果没有最后的介词,语义则不清楚。没有cross,jump仅仅是跳, 而不是跳过河了。第二句没有with,就没有和他一起玩的意思了。第三句没有to, 我们说话就和主语他无关了。因此这三句中的介词都不可省略。第四句的介词with省略掉,意思也清楚。故with可以省略。有介词时,和前三句一样,属于残缺不定式,too...to do结构允许残缺不定式。如果省略with,则为普通不定式,也是允许的。

2. 下面的句子为什么在句末没有介词,它们也算对吗?

He arrived too late for us to wait. 

Very often the weather here is too bad for us to go out.

He was working too fast for her to keep pace.

Their car was running too fast for us to see the number plate. 

这四个句子句末不需介词,不定式的意义也是完整的。由于too...to do结构允许普通不定式,这些句子都是正确的,不必一定要加上介词构成残缺不定式。其中第一句和第三句可以分别加介词for和with。这样就成了残缺不定式,也是正确的。


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陈才   - 英语教师
擅长:中考英语,词法问题

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  • 黄力松   提出于 2017-12-20 15:25

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