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擅长:惯用法问题

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2026-06-03 18:17 回答问题

这主要是语法问题,但与语义和语体(register)也有一定关系。1. 在符合语法规范的要求下,并列结构的第二个(及此后的)分句需要用that引导,一般不可省略。如果不用连词that,句子结构产生歧义。例如:  I know (that) he's cheating and I can't do anything about it.Quirk认为这是一个有结构性歧义(Structural ambiguity)的句子,可能产生的解读有两种:(1)I can't do anything about it与(that) he's cheating并列,均为I know的补足语(宾语)。为了让明确这一点,需要在第2个分句前添加连词that,写成:        I know (that) he's cheating and that I can't do anything about it. (2)I can't do anything about it与I know (that) he's cheating并列。但如果不对现有句子重新措辞,则无法确认这一解读。因此,通常须在两句之间添加标点符号,最好是分号。更明确的办法是把and省略(或替换成however)。例如:       I know that he's cheating; (however) I can't do anything about it. 如此,则 I can't do anything about it 完全脱离了I know的控制,成为与主句并列的独立句子。  因此,从语法规范性的角度看,把两个并列的宾语从句视为一体而将第二个that省略的做法通常不可行。这是主流英语语法共识。2. 在脱离上述并列结构的一般性用法中,非正式语体常省略连词that,正式语体通常保留that。这是确定是否省略that的若干因素之一。受这一因素的影响,在并列结构中,第二个that省略的情况在非正式语体中有可能出现。但前提是:从语义就能判断并列结构处于从句层级而非主句层级。而非正式语体通常句式简短、语义明确,通常具有省略第二个that而不被误读的条件。例如:It is possible that you are right and I am wrong.  如此短小又意义自明的句子在and后再用一个that就极不自然了。3.关于It soon dawned on me that many university professors are quite willing to share what they know, and they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development.首先是这个句子的句源是否靠谱。看上去是一个本科生的毕业感想,英语用法不规范的可能性是存在的。and they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development会被视为与主分句并列,而非与前面的that从句并列。也就是说 many university professors are quite willing to share what they know(教授们愿意分享知识)是作者当时的认识,而they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development(他们关注学生的智力发展)则陈述了一个客观事实。如果坚持they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development的语义已经明确与前面的that从句并列,所以that被省略。我认为无论从语法、语义还是语体角度看,都颇为牵强。   仅供参考。

2026-06-01 11:01 发表了文章

2026-05-21 09:48 回答问题

这里的has been仍然是be的现在完成时用法。在学术性写作中常用这种形式,以表明某一项研究或成果的目的、方法、手段、程序、功能、效果或某一趋势的始终如一。这和现在完成时具有“一直以来”的时间持续性是一致的。例如He has been ill比较突出状态的延续性,he is ill则单纯描述现在的状态。  学术性、科技类写作和其它有必要的文本中通常需要用have been取代be, 以强调一贯性(比如贯穿全文、全过程、全时长等),可以理解为具有“一贯,一直是...,始终...”的意涵。所以,你例句中的has been改用一般过去时肯定不行。在日常口语中会用is,但只能平淡地描述客观事实,失去了使用者表达其“一贯宗旨”的功能。手头缺乏科技类论文,但在读英语语法著作时常能遇到这样的用法。下面两句分别源于Quirk的CGOEL和Biber的LGSWE:In formal English, the tendency has been to use he as the unmarked form when the gender is not determined. (在正式英语中,当性别未明确时,人们习惯将he用作无特定性别指代形式) The overriding goal has been to use categories and terms that are familiar and unobjectionable to the widest range of grammar users. (首要目标一直是选用绝大多数语法使用者都熟知且无争议的分类与专业术语。)    再举几例:A further aim has been to increase the projection of the grammar to an American readership.(EGUC)(另一项目标是让这本语法著作进一步面向美国读者群体进行推广普及)The trend in recent years has been to deal directly with the supplier. (CCEG)(近年来的趋势是直接与供应商对接合作)Overall, the main goal of this chapter has been to look at the syntax of preposed interrogative wh-expressions. (IESS)(总的来说,本章的主要研究目标是探析前置疑问疑问性wh-代词表达式的句法结构)Most people want to live a long life and the dominant theme in social and medical progress throughout human history has been to postpone death. (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES) (大多数人都渴望长寿,纵观人类历史,社会与医学发展的核心主旨一直都是延缓死亡的到来)In this book our approach to analysing sentences has been to start with the smallest syntactically meaningful units. (i.e. words). (ESA)(在本书中,我们分析句子的方法是从最小的句法意义单位入手)   The aim of this chapter has been to give examples of changes in morphology and syntax, including recent change in English grammar. (OHEG) (本章旨在举例说明形态学与句法层面的各类变化,其中也涵盖英语语法近期出现的演变情况)不过要注意,并非每个have been to do...都属于以上用法。当用于完成体时,be动词还有另一个用法,那就是相当于动态动词go或come。所以有时候have been to do sth大体上类似 have come/gone to do sth, 尤其接see, visit这类行为时。例如:She has been to see‘Hamlet’. (CGEL)Granny has been to see us twice since Christmas. (PEU) (=... has come to see...)不过这两种用法在使用场景、文体和语义上的区别是显而易见的,稍加留意一般不会搞混。        以上供参考。

2026-05-20 14:22 回答问题

1. 关于连词+-ing分词的问题,你的前两个说法在一定程度上说是对的。但对于语言学语法学来说,任何原则性的简单定律都可能有缺陷、有例外。即使主从句主语相同,限定分句和非限定分句能不能互相转换还可能受其他的因素的限制。例如:When he wrote the letter, he went to the post-office.Although she had seen the movie, she went to see it again.上述例句中,主从句的主语是同一个实体,但第一句显然不能直接转换成when writing the letter, he ....; 第二句也不宜直接转换成Although seeing the film, she ...。所以实际转换时还需谨慎。2. while/when/if/although doing...究竟是分词结构的一种,还是从句的省略?这个问题没必要做排他性选择。在某些语法模型中,可能被纳入-ing分句结构中介绍,有的称其为缩略式分句,也有的在-ing分句结构和状语分句中都予以介绍。3. 你的The goal of using different organic farming methods is to grow good food while avoiding damage to the environment or to people's health一句中,while avoiding...的用法与前面讲的while/when/if/although doing...不是一回事。在这个句子中avoiding并没有显性的主语,通常称为无依着结构。    多数情况下无依着结构是一种语法缺陷。比如Watching from the ground below, the birds flew ever higher until they disappeared,这样的句子不可接受,因为the birds并非watching...的逻辑主语。但现代英语中有一些无依着结构属于习惯用法,是普遍被接受的。其中一类就是:无依着结构的逻辑主语是it,或泛指一般人、任何人的代词或名词 (如one, anyone, you或people等)。例如:Being Sunday, the shops were all closed. (EEG) (主语是It)When dining in the restaurant, a jacket and tie are required. (CGOEL)(主语是泛指的one或anyone)When adjusting the machine, the electricity supply should be disconnected. (= When you adjust..., you should disconnect...)(OGEG)在你的例句中,while avoiding...可理解为while people/we avoid...。如将原句稍作改写,这一关系可能更为明显:The goal of using different organic farming methods is(for people/us)to grow good food while avoiding (= while they avoid) damage to the environment or to people's health. 以上供参考。

2026-05-13 10:42 回答问题

       1. not...or与not...nor确实有时候互换使用。但实际上nor的使用频率低得多,因为它主要与neither配合使用。另外Swan认为nor语气比or强,且前面总有停顿(即逗号)。当然,这话说的有点过于绝对,nor前不用逗号也是可能的。例如It's not a fit night out for man or/nor beast.(WALD)      2. or 和nor前面用不用逗号并不是语法规则或固定的惯用法。并联成分数量少(共两个)或者短小的情况下,or前一般不用逗号。但在下述情况下or前通常会有停顿,书写时就会用逗号:并联成分多(多于两个);并联成分长(伴有修饰语或补足语);思考后的补充(常插在分句中部)。例如:Wide scope negation is not possible withonly/even if,unless, or provided. (CGEL)We ought not to withhold cotton surpluses , or any stir pluses at times like these. (TIME)I couldn’t tell if he was being careless and unstructured, or if he was a clever interrogator. (CCLW)No law could force him , or any other manufacturer, to reopen. (TIME)3. 关于“not...nor中nor可以单独引导句子,or不可以”的说法,我觉得你是对的。与前文not紧密相关的or的确不适合在句号后另起一句,这是因为否定的范围不能跨越句号。所以尽管or可能在句号后另起一句,但跟前文不存在not...or...的并联关系。但nor本身具有否定意义,因此可以在句号后另起一句,不会影响其与前文not的相关性。但你例句的Nor on Tuesday, (for that matter)部分的完整形式并不是Nor was there on Tuesday,缺少主语,至少应该是Nor was he there on Tuesday。4. neither...nor和either..or...是习惯搭配,不可混用。5. 后半句倒装时只能用nor,不可用or。6. 引导倒装结构的nor是并列连词,前面可以是逗号、分号或者句号。原则上前面不再用另一个并列连词and或but。的确有些人允许在nor前面用连词and或but,对于他们来说,nor就像neither一样被当作连接性副词用。但一般在规范书写中不允许nor与and或but连用,尤其在美语中。在其他地区,人们一般也是在and和but后改用neither。所以Huddleston和Quirk都认为下面这样的句子可接受性存疑:?The Germans haven't yet repliedand nor have the French.    个人意见,仅供参考。 

2026-05-01 17:11 回答问题

wish 是个提升动词(rasing verb),所以wish sb to do...和wish for sb to do...两个结构意思没有区别,只是后者主要用于美国英语。详情请阅本人相关文章https://www.cpsenglish.com/article/1282

2026-04-26 08:44 回答问题

1.上述句子中的 in a way(that)从根本上讲仍然是 “以一种...方式” 的意思,that football and basketball are not是修饰中心词way的关系分句。但是,正如本句所示,当in a way后的 that在关系分句中既不当主语也不当宾语时,如果直接译成“以一种...的方式”多半不合适,关系分句的谓语动词是be的时候尤其如此,因为“方式”通常与“行为,活动”匹配。所以需要灵活理解,并选用其它适当的用语或措辞。2.做出上述分析的同时必须指出,你例句中的in a way that已被异化为一种惯用法 (有人把它归入较为固化的Four-word bundles)。其句法特点是:that在关系分句中不作成分;关系分句是一个否定的省略句;in a way...前面也可以用逗号(这说明其“方式”功能大为减弱)。此时的in a way that在语义上相当于表示对比或转折的while, 与中文的“而...(不);然而...(不),但是...(不)”等相当,也可译成比较书面语的“这一点”。 以你的原句为例,可译成“对大多数人而言,棒球是 “美国的国民运动”,而足球和篮球不是”。这种用法通常被用于进行对比的语境中。例如:    Possibly the Wesleyan Church tolerated outside unions unofficially, in a way that the Anglican Church did not. (LGSWE)(卫斯理公会可能在私下默许跨教派结合,而英国国教会则不会这么做。)Collect and gather are interchangeable in the sense of bringing together into one place or into a group. Collect suggests discriminating selection in a way that gather does not(Use the Right Word)   (在表示将事物汇聚至一处或归为一类的含义时,collect 与 gather 可互换使用。但 collect 暗含带有筛选性的挑选意味,而gather 并无这层含义。)In the newspaper headline in Karpov slips up, the present tense form of the verb SLIP draws the reader into an account of a recent occurrence in a way that a past tense verb form could not do. (OMEG)(在报纸标题《卡尔波夫失误》中,动词slip的一般现在时形式,能够将读者带入近期事件的叙述之中,这一点是动词过去式无法做到的。)    供参考。

2026-04-24 16:36 回答问题

后一种理解是对的,即“乐观主义者对这种(悲观)叙事不感兴趣,无法从中获得乐趣”。

2026-04-22 09:32 回答问题

1. 原句结构分析如下:One way(the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology)is by revealing a mechanism(by which the environment directly impacts on genes).其中两个括号中的部分都是关系分句没分别修饰名词中心词 way和 a mechanism。所以主干结构是:One way(+关系分句作后置定语)is by revealing a mechanism (+关系分句作后置定语)2. 类似的例句如:One way the Sooners accomplished all this was by employing some of the finest athletic talent raised in Texas. One way the Kropotkinskaya Cafe is already competing is by serving the rarest thing in the Moscow restaurant world: courtesy.        One way the Bengals dealt with the Bears' gaming was by throwing screen passes. 

2026-04-03 11:23 回答问题

1. 你说“通常ed形式的形容词是由动词演变过来”,一般情况下这样说问题也不大,因为其中“通常”两字赋予这一命题一定的容错度。但是若将其转化为绝对的固念,那就成问题了。因为“名词+ed”也是形容词构成的重要形式之一。例如:detailed, flowered, gifted, mannered, gifted, manned,pointed, skilled,spotted, walled, winged等等。2. 上述名词+ed构成的形容词单独用当然也是可能的。如a skilled engineer, some gifted children, a skilled worker, a pointed top等等。但更多的是与另一个词(主要是形容词、数词、副词等)一道构成复合形容词,就像你提到的high-spirited。又例如:warm-hearted, absent-minded, bad-tempered, grey-haired, near-sighted, red-nosed, three-legged, five-stored, one-sided等等。