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倪肖丁
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3天前 回答问题

词典上的一个词的用法结构的表示有自己的格式和习惯,有时候会在该词典在前面的体例中进行说明,有时没有说明,但多用一段时间自己也会明白。下面谈谈你的具体问题。1.report等三个动词的上述结构中,to be和to have如果在语法和语义两方面都不受限制,那么这个结构可以说没有问题。这意味着be reported to be a doctor / to be traveling in Europe / to be killed,以及 be reported to have higher risk / to have surrendered / to have been injured等等都可以用。实际情况就是这样。2.虽然be reported to be/have...结构正确,但并不具有排他性。除了have以外,其它一些静态动词甚至行为动词的一般体也可用于be reported to之后,只要语义通顺就行。例如:Futures have been reported to constitute the most marked member of many tense systems, especially in terms of their formal expression: they tend to favour periphrastic expression much more than past tenses (OHEG)SAA has been reported to induce adhesion and chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences)Pectins are reported to play the main role in this feature. (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences)此外,也不排除be reported doing.../done等其他结构。例如:The escaped convict was reported hiding in a barn. (BBEV)The car was reported stolen. (BBEV)3.关于strike ...as...结构。首先,词典上的strike sb as sth 并不绝对意味着这个sth必须是典型的名词。这在词典句式或结构示例中并不鲜见。例如朗文词典用黑体字列出strike somebody as (being) something。其例句为:His jokes didn't strike Jack as being very funnyy。显然,这个something也可以是形容词词组very funny。牛津高阶也同样如此,多用英英词典就知道怎么回事了。其次,strike sb as odd也可以视为习惯用法,例如朗文词典就列出 strike sb as odd/strange。当然,你提到的词典如果把strike sb as sth 这个结构改成 strike sb as,那就更合理,且不会使人困惑。此时后面跟不同的词类均符合要求:It strike me as a good idea / strange / being very interesting / having magic  4.你例句中的before and since宜视为一个副词词组修饰前面的中心词(any)time,其语义逻辑是:any time before and since the end of the Second World War。因为句中有明确的过去时间参照点(at the end of the Second World War),所以谓语用过去完全正常。又例如:More French loan words entered English during the 14th century than during any comparable period before or since.一己之见,仅供参考。

2026-07-23 19:28 回答问题

1.在缺乏上下文时,I have a house in London一句中in London的句法功能是有歧义的。可以是定语,解读为which is in London并不违和;也可以是状语,因为I have a house in London = In London(,) I have a house,两句在语义上是等值的。至于是否要用sentence adjunct去界定,个人觉得不必太过于细化。这一术语主要是Quirk团队采用的,其他主要语法框架基本不用,或者即使用了,但内涵或类属关系等都与Quirk的论述有区别。2.The mayor has no authority in this town.    He has a lot of influence in London.     I have diplomatic immunity in France.       以上三句情况跟刚才分析的那句有所不同,in London等介词短语不宜分析为定语,因为have的宾语已经不再是具有物理意义的实体名词(例如house),而是抽象名词。以第二句为例,(a lot of)influence in London难以转换成(a lot of)influence which is in London, 后者语义明显违和:因为一个人拥有”在某个地方存在的那个影响力“语义别扭怪异。应该理解为某个人的影响力作用于(或辐射于)一个范围之内。所以这个in London 应分析为状语,表示在某个区域范围拥有影响力,能施加或发挥其作用力。其它两句类同。3.恐怕没有理由得出“当谓语为静态动词时,表示地点的介词短语只能是定语而不可能是状语”这种一刀切的结论。应该对具体问题做具体分析,不能一概而论。例如:We claim that since belongs to the same category (preposition) in all of its occurrences.句中in all of its concurrences也同样不是名词词组the same category的定语,而是表示限制范围的状语。但如果将in all of its concurrences移至 since 之后,则宜分析为since 的定语,理解为“所有这些例句中的since (都属于同一词类:介词)”。    一己之见,仅供参考。

2026-07-12 17:37 回答问题

1. 虽然imagine属于否定转移的动词,但... people could not imagine that there would ever be a time when...一句中不存在否定转移现象。因为could not imagine that there would ever be a time when...和could imagine that there would notever be a time when...意思完全不同。简单说就是:情态动词could阻碍了否定的转移。2. ever多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句等。用于肯定句中很少见,例如:We had heard a lot about her before weever met her.  但需要澄清的关键是:“ever通常限于非肯定句”只是一个简便但并非严密的说法。实际上应该理解为:非肯定词ever一般用于非肯定语境。其中重要的一条就是:ever可用在与具有非肯定意义的动词、介词、形容词、副词和名词等相关的结构(尤以补语为多)中。所以,在...people could not imagine that there would ever be a time when..一句中,虽然that从句本身并非否定句,但ever处于主句的could not之后,属于其否定范围之内,ever用法正常。3. 适用否定转移的动词很多,一类与认知或观点相关,例如think, suppose, believe, expect, figure, imagine等等。但同一语义域的hope, assume, wish(接从句时)不能否定转移;另一类与感知相关的系动词,如appear, seem, feel, look, sound等。详情参阅英语语法参考书。这些否定转移的结构,其否定词也可以留在从句中,通常情况下意思没有区别。例如I don’t think you understand和I think you don’t understand两句通常同义,但第一句更普遍。

2026-07-03 11:49 回答问题

1.关于it is important that...后使用虚拟语气的疑问。It is/was important that...句式的从句的谓语可以用三种形式:虚拟式(主美,正式)或推定式should+原形(主英,不太正式),陈述语气的正常时态(主英;这意味着可能用到情态动词will, must,can等)。有关你的具体问题:(1)是否it was important that...也要使用虚拟语气? 上述三种位于形式都能用。在美国英语中标准用法是Be-型虚拟式,例如托福考试。(2)如果分句的情形发生在过去,主句通常应该用过去式It was important,从句谓语在上述三种形式中选用,但Be-型虚拟式和推定should+原型比陈述语气更常见。因为事情在过去,所以如果采用陈述语气,从句谓语要用过去时态(told)。又例如:It was important that they met the children.但有时候说话者从现在的角度去看当时情形,主句也可用现在时(It is important)。例如:It is important that Queensland's dams and waterways restocked regularly to ensure good fishing for everyone.  It isn't important that several members of the delegation had no visas, that several others had no international health certificates, that one lost his passport and that the military aide has only one uniform.2.关于it is strange/ natural/ a pity that中使用虚拟语气的问题。(1)it is natural that you should forget it和 it is natural that you should have forget it不能完全等同。后者should have done (这里要指出一下你的疏忽,should have后面应该用过去分词forgotten/forgot)表示过去时间;前者分句用should+无to不定式主要表示现在时间。只有在上下文语境明确时才有可能表示过去时间,否则被默认为表示现在。(2)it is natural that...中使用虚拟语气时表达的强烈感情色彩和natural本身的意思不矛盾吗?先说结论:不矛盾。在这个句式中,不能拘泥于natural单纯的词典意义,should也不能一味地解读为“竟然”的情绪色彩。当我们使用这个句式时,经常是前文(或后文)解释了一个本来很可能不被理解的现象之所以产生的缘由。比如情侣约会迟到20分钟,这通常会让人感到不解,但如果ta的迟到是因为中途帮助了他人,我们就会说“难怪ta会迟到”,意思是:(这么说来)他的迟到就很自然了,也就是It’s natural that he should be late for the date.(3)若要表达“你(以后)忘记它是正常的”是否就需要用陈述语气?通常是用陈述语气。但是否排除推定式should+原型,似乎不十分确定,虽然没有见过。不过你例句中... that you forget will it词序不对,又是一初疏忽。仅供参考。

2026-06-03 18:17 回答问题

这主要是语法问题,但与语义和语体(register)也有一定关系。1. 在符合语法规范的要求下,并列结构的第二个(及此后的)分句需要用that引导,一般不可省略。如果不用连词that,句子结构产生歧义。例如:  I know (that) he's cheating and I can't do anything about it.Quirk认为这是一个有结构性歧义(Structural ambiguity)的句子,可能产生的解读有两种:(1)I can't do anything about it与(that) he's cheating并列,均为I know的补足语(宾语)。为了让明确这一点,需要在第2个分句前添加连词that,写成:        I know (that) he's cheating and that I can't do anything about it. (2)I can't do anything about it与I know (that) he's cheating并列。但如果不对现有句子重新措辞,则无法确认这一解读。因此,通常须在两句之间添加标点符号,最好是分号。更明确的办法是把and省略(或替换成however)。例如:       I know that he's cheating; (however) I can't do anything about it. 如此,则 I can't do anything about it 完全脱离了I know的控制,成为与主句并列的独立句子。  因此,从语法规范性的角度看,把两个并列的宾语从句视为一体而将第二个that省略的做法通常不可行。这是主流英语语法共识。2. 在脱离上述并列结构的一般性用法中,非正式语体常省略连词that,正式语体通常保留that。这是确定是否省略that的若干因素之一。受这一因素的影响,在并列结构中,第二个that省略的情况在非正式语体中有可能出现。但前提是:从语义就能判断并列结构处于从句层级而非主句层级。而非正式语体通常句式简短、语义明确,通常具有省略第二个that而不被误读的条件。例如:It is possible that you are right and I am wrong.  如此短小又意义自明的句子在and后再用一个that就极不自然了。3.关于It soon dawned on me that many university professors are quite willing to share what they know, and they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development.首先是这个句子的句源是否靠谱。看上去是一个本科生的毕业感想,英语用法不规范的可能性是存在的。and they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development会被视为与主分句并列,而非与前面的that从句并列。也就是说 many university professors are quite willing to share what they know(教授们愿意分享知识)是作者当时的认识,而they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development(他们关注学生的智力发展)则陈述了一个客观事实。如果坚持they do take a genuine interest in their students’ intellectual development的语义已经明确与前面的that从句并列,所以that被省略。我认为无论从语法、语义还是语体角度看,都颇为牵强。   仅供参考。

2026-06-01 11:01 发表了文章

2026-05-21 09:48 回答问题

这里的has been仍然是be的现在完成时用法。在学术性写作中常用这种形式,以表明某一项研究或成果的目的、方法、手段、程序、功能、效果或某一趋势的始终如一。这和现在完成时具有“一直以来”的时间持续性是一致的。例如He has been ill比较突出状态的延续性,he is ill则单纯描述现在的状态。  学术性、科技类写作和其它有必要的文本中通常需要用have been取代be, 以强调一贯性(比如贯穿全文、全过程、全时长等),可以理解为具有“一贯,一直是...,始终...”的意涵。所以,你例句中的has been改用一般过去时肯定不行。在日常口语中会用is,但只能平淡地描述客观事实,失去了使用者表达其“一贯宗旨”的功能。手头缺乏科技类论文,但在读英语语法著作时常能遇到这样的用法。下面两句分别源于Quirk的CGOEL和Biber的LGSWE:In formal English, the tendency has been to use he as the unmarked form when the gender is not determined. (在正式英语中,当性别未明确时,人们习惯将he用作无特定性别指代形式) The overriding goal has been to use categories and terms that are familiar and unobjectionable to the widest range of grammar users. (首要目标一直是选用绝大多数语法使用者都熟知且无争议的分类与专业术语。)    再举几例:A further aim has been to increase the projection of the grammar to an American readership.(EGUC)(另一项目标是让这本语法著作进一步面向美国读者群体进行推广普及)The trend in recent years has been to deal directly with the supplier. (CCEG)(近年来的趋势是直接与供应商对接合作)Overall, the main goal of this chapter has been to look at the syntax of preposed interrogative wh-expressions. (IESS)(总的来说,本章的主要研究目标是探析前置疑问疑问性wh-代词表达式的句法结构)Most people want to live a long life and the dominant theme in social and medical progress throughout human history has been to postpone death. (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES) (大多数人都渴望长寿,纵观人类历史,社会与医学发展的核心主旨一直都是延缓死亡的到来)In this book our approach to analysing sentences has been to start with the smallest syntactically meaningful units. (i.e. words). (ESA)(在本书中,我们分析句子的方法是从最小的句法意义单位入手)   The aim of this chapter has been to give examples of changes in morphology and syntax, including recent change in English grammar. (OHEG) (本章旨在举例说明形态学与句法层面的各类变化,其中也涵盖英语语法近期出现的演变情况)不过要注意,并非每个have been to do...都属于以上用法。当用于完成体时,be动词还有另一个用法,那就是相当于动态动词go或come。所以有时候have been to do sth大体上类似 have come/gone to do sth, 尤其接see, visit这类行为时。例如:She has been to see‘Hamlet’. (CGEL)Granny has been to see us twice since Christmas. (PEU) (=... has come to see...)不过这两种用法在使用场景、文体和语义上的区别是显而易见的,稍加留意一般不会搞混。        以上供参考。

2026-05-20 14:22 回答问题

1. 关于连词+-ing分词的问题,你的前两个说法在一定程度上说是对的。但对于语言学语法学来说,任何原则性的简单定律都可能有缺陷、有例外。即使主从句主语相同,限定分句和非限定分句能不能互相转换还可能受其他的因素的限制。例如:When he wrote the letter, he went to the post-office.Although she had seen the movie, she went to see it again.上述例句中,主从句的主语是同一个实体,但第一句显然不能直接转换成when writing the letter, he ....; 第二句也不宜直接转换成Although seeing the film, she ...。所以实际转换时还需谨慎。2. while/when/if/although doing...究竟是分词结构的一种,还是从句的省略?这个问题没必要做排他性选择。在某些语法模型中,可能被纳入-ing分句结构中介绍,有的称其为缩略式分句,也有的在-ing分句结构和状语分句中都予以介绍。3. 你的The goal of using different organic farming methods is to grow good food while avoiding damage to the environment or to people's health一句中,while avoiding...的用法与前面讲的while/when/if/although doing...不是一回事。在这个句子中avoiding并没有显性的主语,通常称为无依着结构。    多数情况下无依着结构是一种语法缺陷。比如Watching from the ground below, the birds flew ever higher until they disappeared,这样的句子不可接受,因为the birds并非watching...的逻辑主语。但现代英语中有一些无依着结构属于习惯用法,是普遍被接受的。其中一类就是:无依着结构的逻辑主语是it,或泛指一般人、任何人的代词或名词 (如one, anyone, you或people等)。例如:Being Sunday, the shops were all closed. (EEG) (主语是It)When dining in the restaurant, a jacket and tie are required. (CGOEL)(主语是泛指的one或anyone)When adjusting the machine, the electricity supply should be disconnected. (= When you adjust..., you should disconnect...)(OGEG)在你的例句中,while avoiding...可理解为while people/we avoid...。如将原句稍作改写,这一关系可能更为明显:The goal of using different organic farming methods is(for people/us)to grow good food while avoiding (= while they avoid) damage to the environment or to people's health. 以上供参考。

2026-05-13 10:42 回答问题

       1. not...or与not...nor确实有时候互换使用。但实际上nor的使用频率低得多,因为它主要与neither配合使用。另外Swan认为nor语气比or强,且前面总有停顿(即逗号)。当然,这话说的有点过于绝对,nor前不用逗号也是可能的。例如It's not a fit night out for man or/nor beast.(WALD)      2. or 和nor前面用不用逗号并不是语法规则或固定的惯用法。并联成分数量少(共两个)或者短小的情况下,or前一般不用逗号。但在下述情况下or前通常会有停顿,书写时就会用逗号:并联成分多(多于两个);并联成分长(伴有修饰语或补足语);思考后的补充(常插在分句中部)。例如:Wide scope negation is not possible withonly/even if,unless, or provided. (CGEL)We ought not to withhold cotton surpluses , or any stir pluses at times like these. (TIME)I couldn’t tell if he was being careless and unstructured, or if he was a clever interrogator. (CCLW)No law could force him , or any other manufacturer, to reopen. (TIME)3. 关于“not...nor中nor可以单独引导句子,or不可以”的说法,我觉得你是对的。与前文not紧密相关的or的确不适合在句号后另起一句,这是因为否定的范围不能跨越句号。所以尽管or可能在句号后另起一句,但跟前文不存在not...or...的并联关系。但nor本身具有否定意义,因此可以在句号后另起一句,不会影响其与前文not的相关性。但你例句的Nor on Tuesday, (for that matter)部分的完整形式并不是Nor was there on Tuesday,缺少主语,至少应该是Nor was he there on Tuesday。4. neither...nor和either..or...是习惯搭配,不可混用。5. 后半句倒装时只能用nor,不可用or。6. 引导倒装结构的nor是并列连词,前面可以是逗号、分号或者句号。原则上前面不再用另一个并列连词and或but。的确有些人允许在nor前面用连词and或but,对于他们来说,nor就像neither一样被当作连接性副词用。但一般在规范书写中不允许nor与and或but连用,尤其在美语中。在其他地区,人们一般也是在and和but后改用neither。所以Huddleston和Quirk都认为下面这样的句子可接受性存疑:?The Germans haven't yet repliedand nor have the French.    个人意见,仅供参考。 

2026-05-01 17:11 回答问题

wish 是个提升动词(rasing verb),所以wish sb to do...和wish for sb to do...两个结构意思没有区别,只是后者主要用于美国英语。详情请阅本人相关文章https://www.cpsenglish.com/article/1282