当since用作连词引导时间状语从句时,其主句通常要用完成时态
当since用作连词引导时间状语从句时,其主句通常要用现在完成时:
We have lived in England since I was a child. 从我小时候起我们就住在英国。
He’s put on a lot of weight since he gave up smoking. 他戒烟后体重增加了许多。
You’ve changed a lot since I last saw you. 自从我上次见到你以来,你改变了很多。
有时主句还可以用现在完成进行时,强调动作的持续。如:
I’ve been feeling down since I lost my job. 自从失去工作以后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。
She’s been getting a bit above herself since she won her award. 她获奖以来渐渐有点骄傲了。
事实上,不管since是用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都要用完成时态。如:
I’ve had nothing to eat since lunchtime. 从午饭时间到现在我什么都没吃。(since为介词)
We had a letter last week. We haven’t heard since. 上星期我们接到了一封信。从那以后没有收到过信。(since为副词)
She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年5月搬到了伦敦,此后一直在报社工作。
但也有少数特殊情况:
(1)表示时间长度,通常要用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:
It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你到现在已有很长时间了。
It’s a fortnight since I last saw her. 我有两个星期没有看见她了。
(2) 如果不强调动作或状态的持续,而是关心状况的变化,可以不用完成时态。如:
You’re looking much better since your operation. 手术后你看上去好多了。
Since he went on that course he thinks he knows everything. 自从他选了那门课程,他就认为自己什么都懂了。
比较下面两个句子因时态不同所导致的含义变化:
She doesn’t come round to see us so much since her marriage. 自从她结了婚以后,她不怎么过来看我们了。
She hasn’t come to see us since her marriage. 自从她结了婚以后,她还没来看过我们。
(3) 当涉及动词seem时,通常不用完成时态。如:
It seems like years since I last saw you. 从上次见到你以来好像已经有许多年了。
(4) 若不是指从过去持续到现在,而是指从较远的过去持续到一个较近的过去,则用过去完成时。比较:
He hasn’t eaten anything since he had the accident. 自他出事故以来他一直未吃东西。(指从出事故至现在未吃东西)
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since he had the accident. 他昨天告诉我自出事故以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从出事故到昨天都未吃东西)