2026-05-21 11:39 回答问题

简单说一下。你的迷惑很正常，见到了树木，没有见到森林。我把历史演化背景捋一捋，就很好理解。形容词性关系分句，连续性关系分句，名词性关系分句和缩略关系分句这四种其实是在Quirk（1985年的代表作问世）前很多学者的称谓，比如Wood博士在世（上世纪60年代）的时候，他把Quirk定义的非限制性定语从句就称为连续性关系分句，这个称谓历史上是存在的，只是当代已经很少有人提起，章可能想着"多而全"，所以就一股脑全上，又没有交代背景，不只是你，我以前看的时候也晕。到了Quirk，他的分类是限制关系分句和非限制关系分句，这在当时是一种进步。注意这只是大类且是从功能上分，语言学者讲究严谨和高度的概括性，于是就这样诞生了。可惜后面还是出了纰漏，Huddleston在剑桥语法1064页提出了反对：Contrasts like these provide the basis for the traditional classification of relative clauses as ‘restrictive’ ([16]) and ‘non-restrictive’ ([17]). We prefer to distinguish the two classes as integrated vs supplementary because there are many places where the contrast is not a matter of whether or not the relative clause expresses a distinguishing property.他举了一个例子：The father who had planned my life to the point of my unsought arrival in Brighton took it for granted that in the last three weeks of his legal guardianship I would still act as he directed.很明显这里的who关系分句不是限制性的，因为就一个父亲，不是两个父亲中的一个，且这个不是非限制性的，不是省略了逗号的原因。限制性就在这不好解释了。Huddleston于是用了integrated和supplementary的术语来重新定义关系分句，把这个漏洞补上了。我再举一个例子：She told me some sob story about not having enough money to go and see her father who was ill.（剑桥高阶第4版sob story词条下）这里用了形容词性物主代词her，那又如何？还是只有一位父亲，不是限制性，也不是非限制性，这就是integrated的关系分句。有人说，在who前加个逗号，变成非限制性，意思也ok。对，可以这么搞，但与原句意思有细微差异，这里不加逗号，使得 father who was ill 在语义上形成了一个整体。在sob story的语境下，“父亲生病”是一个完整的、不可分割的理由。如果有逗号，就是补充说明父亲病了，这在语用表达上力度差了不少。说到这，应该看出来了，语言学者的严谨程度可见一斑。至于你说的分类，我觉得无伤大雅，尤其是教学语法也许很合适。借你这个贴，说一下关于本论坛的想法。一直都觉得柯帕斯论坛的重要资产不是所谓的答案，因为没有最好只有更好，而是庞大的国人英语学习的数据库。随着AI越来越厉害，好多问题就可以自己跟AI提问并解决，似乎论坛的重要性在下降，那微薄的鲜花收入肯定不足以支撑论坛的维持。论坛坛主陈根花老师我从未见过，也没当面聊过，但我挺佩服的，个人补贴也要把论坛维持下去，或许这是她的理想。“每个人都会坚持自己的信念，在别人看来是浪费时间，她却觉得很重要”（王家卫电影《东邪西毒》），这也是我还愿意呆在这的一个原因。恳请各位英语爱好者如果书上的解答或AI的回答不能让你满意或者还是困惑，就来论坛求助，5朵以下就够了，如果回答能令你不枉求助这一回，就果断送上鲜花，谢谢。

2026-05-07 13:56 回答问题

Longman Essential Activator2006第2版第433页：

2026-02-09 19:27 回答问题

年底凑个热闹。你这个是新版的教材上才有的。我觉得这是一种错误的表达方式，很可能是非英美国家的人以讹传讹的表现形式。理由没那么玄，也很简单：it is the first time…中的it是代词有所指代还是形式主语？很明显不是形式主语，是有所指的，可以从以下这句话看的很明显：Going to school was the first time she had been apart from her mother.（Longman Language Activator第1版P1193）。另外这个句型还可以用This打头，这也间接说明it有所指。既然有所指，那for sb to do sth就不能用，因为for sb to do sth一般都是在it作形式主语时充当真正的主语，问题是it不是形式主语，所以不成立，这个逻辑证明没有明显漏洞。有人说，语言是变化的，有没有可能人家就不遵循这个逻辑。那行，我们从3类资料中去寻找证据。第一类词典，第二类语法书（国外），第三类是经济学人，纽约时报和卫报。我看前面有网友已经列举了第一类和第二类的说法了。我就说说第三类，从掌握的资料看，并没有出现这种用法的句子，倒是有一些线索。趁你这个问题，都列举一下：1.“This is the first time to have such an accident,” he said.（纽约时报20180710）2. “It was my first time to see such a vehicle,” she says.（经济学人20050312）3.“It’s my first time to run 150m so I am really happy,” she said.(卫报20180519)4.Maybe some of these players are already used to Wembley, but it would be my first time to go to Wembley.（卫报20250206）5.“That was my first time to hug a white man.”(纽约时报20200212)6. For Morata, it's the first time to play regularly for his team.（卫报20171018）7."It's the first time to have two-thirds in both houses of parliament, but you can't find any issue on which the twothirds can agree," said Gerry Curtis, professor emeritus at Columbia University.（卫报20160712）8. It was my first time living by myself.9. This will be my first time playing through Christmas, I haven't been able to sleep. 如果是语言的演化，那只有to do的情况（其实很少见，美本土有人会这么说，我个人能接受），但不会有for sb to do的情况。my first time这种原本是接ing形式的，现在演化为可以接to do，这种在纽约时报或是口语中越来越多见，这才是真正的语言演化，相信不需要等太久就会认为是正确的表达。改版的新教材上来就搞个“大”的，有点无语。

2025-11-26 16:09 回答问题

Wood博士很早就解释过：Note also the idiom have done with something, usually coordinated to a preceding clause with and, and meaning ‘rid oneself of’.He keeps pestering me to go and see him, so I’ll go now, and have done with it.Some grammar books regard have as an auxiliary, and have done, therefore, as a perfect form, but it is very doubtful whetherthis is correct, since (i) it can be used as an imperative, as a perfect form cannot (‘Pay the bill, and have done with it’), and(ii) in spoken English the two words have equal stress, whereas with the perfect form the stress is usually on done, not on have.The more probable explanation is that it is an ellipsis of ‘ have yourself done with it’.

2025-06-25 10:46 回答问题

大家对这个这么有兴趣，就自己看，自己思考：（感谢"静心"网友提供美国传统词典的说法）1.The American Heritage dictionary of the English language第5版2.National Geographic Magazine November 1988 Volume 174 Number 53.这是Longman dictionary of contemporary English第6版上的说法：4. 而Longman Advanced American Dictionary第3版却是：5.The American Heritage student dictionary2010：6.NTCs Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions第3版：7.   ABC of Common Grammatical Errors1995：by foot在当今的美式英语中广泛存在，不是什么新鲜事。

2024-10-31 11:36 回答问题

利用碎片化的时间找了一些正式出版物上的原句，给大家看看，请特别注意后面几句，确实是19世纪的。直接上：1.-"Wilson, let me alone." She said calmly.-"It is too late." I defended my self.-"I'm not going to get out even to tell you something."-"But you have promised to me."-"When time comes I shall do that, but not now. I still need time to think."2.-"...When I had no more to give him he left me to misery and destitution. I heard that he had money, and I wrote to him — I confess it to my shame — for aid and assistance, but my letter remained unanswered. Then I felt that I had fallen low enough, and only desired to die." "But you have promised to live," cried George eagerly.3.The next morning he was waiting at the bottom of the stairs when Esteban appeared:“We’re starting when you’re ready,” said the Captain. The strange glitter hadreturned to the boy’s eyes. He blurted out: “No, I’m not coming. I’m not coming after all.”“Aie! Esteban! But you have promised me that you would come.”“It’s impossible. I can’t come with you,” and he turned back up the stairs.4." Anna, what were you thinking of?"She raised her ghastly face and looked up in my eyes." Of how nice it would be, if you would let me die," she said." But you have promised me."5."And remember how I told you once before, it is easy to make a promise."The heart-broken wife begged the priest to come and speak to her husband. The priest came. The banker received him with every mark of respect and kindness. But on one point he was immoveable; he would not allow his children to be Catholics."But you have promised. And a man who has any sense of honor any self-respect, will keep his promise."6.“The man is a heathen. - You are lending them solely because he is your relative. And these are Christian men: My servants.”Immediately he confessed his mistake ; telling the Lord he would not send the men.“But you have promised,” came the answer.7.He told his secretary that he thought he would not fill the engagement.“But you have promised.” “Well, telephone them that I can’t come, if you want to, but anyway, I am not going.”8.“He said, ‘I wish you hadn’t made me promise to tell you the truth,’ and Charles said, ‘But you have promised. What is the truth?’ 9.“ Chapo, I cannot marry you,” she said.“ But you have promised!” She shook a stubborn head.“ What have I done?” he asked.“You have done nothing. You are a saint to me; but marry you—no, no, no!”

2024-10-29 10:00 回答问题

第1句是很少见的用法,几乎绝迹，你自己也说了，没什么好讨论的。第2句这个问题记得以前也有人在论坛上问过。should用在if从句中一般有两种，一种是真实条件句（见亚历山大的朗文语法），一种是非真实条件句，你的这句是非真实条件句，即说话人心里明白“他明天不回来”，关于这种，章的书讲的有点绕，可以参见剑桥语法第1000页有说明，也举了例。第3句其实就是should表示“可能性”，如果用will当然可以，只是will表示的可能更大。注意这种should的用法可以用于任何人称，不限于你我他，“物”作主语也可以。1.The hippo that is standing next to the girrafe should be leaving soon. 2.My luggage should be leaving Denmark.

2024-09-30 11:17 回答问题

这是一个经久不衰的问题。一般的说法是加不加the与把winter看成周期性发生的现象还是作为一年的某个组成部分（一段时间）有关系。可是问题在于这样的说法似乎不能解释众多的语言现象。所以或许我们可以反过来想，有没有不能加the的情况？确实有一种情况：Spring has come round again.这里不用The spring，这句话只能是把spring理解为一种周期性发生的现象。Wood博士曾经说：“when we are thinking of those things which we associate with the season, such as weather, temperature, the appearance of the countryside, etc.Thus in speaking of the spell of warm sunny weather we are enjoying just now (mid-October 1954) we should say "It is almost like summer."”这在当时确实是很有见地的观点。遗憾的是在当代来看，这一规则似乎已经被打破，上面这句的summer前加the的屡见不鲜，老美总是不按常理出牌。回到问题上来，第2句winter后有of 1988修饰，那winter指的是一年中特定的组成部分，所以要加the，这个依据可以参看“A communicative grammar of English第3版”第669节：“Names of seasons may have the article omitted <esp. BrE>: I last saw her in (the) spring. BUT: in the spring of 1999 (see 83).”似乎问题完美解决，可惜还是有例外，我觉得美式英语并不遵守这个规则：1.Mr. Altuzarra, 27, is one of the fortunate ones. Since mounting his first show in winter of 2009, he has been lionized, and scrutinized, by a novelty-famished fashion community.(纽约时报20110209)2.In winter of 1993, a pheasant came to my home.所以第1句也不能算错。至于3，4两句用了两个介词短语，这没什么好解释的，都是正确的。总结说，就是注意类似这句Spring has come round again.不能加the。加了the有一种认为一年中不止有一个春季的意味。

2024-09-20 12:50 回答问题

谢谢奉国平网友提醒！Swan的第4版关于enough在第450节和171节这两个地方，分开讨论了！谈谈这一类的enough的问题。一开始我看到网友这个问题就觉得跟我看到的具体实例不符合，原来是Swan的一个说法，遗憾的是Swan简单描述了一下，就没往细里说，导致我们的理解出现偏差。大彭老师说“enough做表语时(Swan说的without a noun，单独用)，其主语通常应该是表示数量或隐含有数量意义”，这种说法当然是靠谱的，但除此之外，如果是语境比较清楚的情况下，也是没问题的：1.This food is enough for our needs. (Longman lexicon of contemporary English1981)2.That noise is enough to waken the dead! （Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English1981）3.“There are enough people talking about the bad things in that part of the world. It’s time for some good. The food is enough.” I surprise myself with the forcefulness of my answer.（2015）4.The stuffed parrots and Nicaraguan knickknacks add an air of festivity, but the food is enough to get the party started. 5.An INGO has a truck with perishable food in a region where starvation is widespread. The food is enough to protect up to 800 people from premature death.6.We gained the support we needed to keep us on track. We love our new healthy eating plan. The food is enough to satisfy the whole family, including our two teenage children.7.When the two orders came, the two gentlemen felt ashamed of themselves. The meat was enough for four or five people. 8.We Esquimaux think only of our stores of food; shall we have enough meat for the long winter or not? If the meat is enough, we have no need to think about anything else. 9.Earl’s father eked out a living by chopping wood during the day and hunting at night. In those days, the cured animal hides brought in ten cents apiece and the meat was enough to fill his children’s stomachs.10. If properly stored and distributed using the appropriate technology, the meat is enough to feed 300,000 starving people year round.11.A recipe in a cookery book will tell us that the dish is enough for four persons, and a notice in a bus will announce that only six persons are allowed to stand when all the seats are full. （Wood博士）12.That noise is enough to drive me demented! （Chambers Universal Learners Dictionary1980）13.The sight is enough to break your heart. (Concise Oxford American Dictionary(2006))14.The price of these tickets is enough to make anyone gag. (Longman Advanced American Dictionary第3版) 15.Living with my parents is enough to screw anybody up.((Longman Advanced American Dictionary第3版))16.The music industry, with its inside deals and wheels within wheels, is enough to confuse the toughest business minds. (Longman American idioms dictionary1999)17.The smell of his cooking is enough to stink us all out!(Longman dictionary of contemporary English1984)18.This lousy weather is enough to put anyone off camping.(Longman dictionary of contemporary English第3版)19.At my age, the walk into town is enough to invigorate me.(Longman dictionary of contemporary English第5版)20.The money that I earn is enough to meet our basic needs.（Oxford American dictionary for learners of English2011）21.The money is enough for food and little else. The family has meat one day a week, and soup, beans and potatoes the rest of the week.22.The look on his face is enough to set you off！（Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English I Verbs With Prepositions and Particles）23.That assignment is enough to make me lose my reason.（The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms2013）24.The mess in his office is enough to turn your stomach, but in fact he works very well.（朗文英汉双解英语成语辞典）25.The noise is enough to drive one mad.（现代英语用法词典修订版张道真）26.The traffic problem is enough to give a policeman gray hairs.（英语习语大词典武汉大学出版）27.The noise of his motorbike is enough to wake the dead.（英语习语大词典武汉大学出版）28.The story of his sufferings is enough to make your blood run cold.（英语搭配大辞典小日本）29.The monotony of prison life is enough to drive anyone insane.（Longman Language Activator第2版）有些实例并没有完整列出上下文，篇幅影响。  

2024-09-13 10:42 回答问题

这是美式用法，词典里没有，一本介绍美语的书上有：